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chocolate组合,关于巧克力的英文介绍``

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1,关于巧克力的英文介绍``

Chocolate is a psychoactive food. It is made from the seeds of the tropical cacao tree, Theobroma cacao. The cacao tree was named by the 17th century Swedish naturalist, Linnaeus. The Greek term theobroma means literally "food of the gods". Chocolate has also been called the food of the devil; but the theological basis of this claim is obscure.
Cacao beans were used by the Aztecs to prepare a hot, frothy beverage with stimulant and restorative properties. Chocolate itself was reserved for warriors, nobility and priests. The Aztecs esteemed its reputed ability to confer wisdom and vitality. Taken fermented as a drink, chocolate was also used in religious ceremonies. The sacred concoction was associated with Xochiquetzal, the goddess of fertility. Emperor Montezuma allegedly drank 50 goblets a day. Aztec taxation was levied in cacao beans. 100 cacao beans could buy a slave. 12 cacao beans bought the services of courtesan.

The celebrated Italian libertine Giacomo Casanova (1725-1798) took chocolate before bedding his conquests on account of chocolate's reputation as a subtle aphrodisiac. More recently, a study of 8000 male Harvard graduates showed that chocoholics lived longer than abstainers. Their longevity may be explained by the high polyphenol levels in chocolate. Polyphenols reduce the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins and thereby protect against heart disease. Such theories are still speculative.

Placebo-controlled trials suggest chocolate consumption may subtly enhance cognitive performance. As reported by Dr Bryan Raudenbush (2006), scores for verbal and visual memory are raised by eating chocolate. Impulse-control and reaction-time are also improved. This study needs replicating.

A "symposium" at the 2007 American Association for the Advancement of Science - hyped as a potentially "mind-altering experience" - presented evidence that chocolate consumption can be good for the brain. Experiments with chocolate-fed mice suggest that flavanol-rich cocoa stimulates neurovascular activity, enhancing memory and alertness. This research was partly funded by Mars, Inc.

Coincidentally or otherwise, many of the worlds oldest supercentenarians, e.g. Jeanne Calment (1875-1997) and Sarah Knauss (1880-1999), were passionately fond of chocolate. Jeanne Calment habitually ate two pounds of chocolate per week until her physician induced her to give up sweets at the age of 119 - three years before her death aged 122. Life-extensionists are best advised to eat dark chocolate rather than the kinds of calorie-rich confectionery popular in America.


In the UK, chocolate bars laced with cannabis are popular with many victims of multiple sclerosis. This brand of psychoactive confectionery remains unlicensed.

Chocolate as we know it today dates to the inspired addition of triglyceride cocoa butter by Swiss confectioner Rodolphe Lindt in 1879. The advantage of cocoa butter is that its addition to chocolate sets a bar so that it will readily snap and then melt on the tongue. Cocoa butter begins to soften at around 75 F; it melts at around 97 F.

Today, chocolates of every description are legal, unscheduled and readily available over the counter. Some 50% of women reportedly claim to prefer chocolate to sex, though this response may depend on the attributes of the interviewer.

In 2007, a UK study suggested that eating dark chocolate was more rewarding than passionate kissing. More research is needed to replicate this result.

More than 300 different constituent compounds in chocolate have been identified. Chocolate clearly delivers far more than a brief sugar high. Yet its cocktail of psychochemical effects in the central nervous system are poorly understood. So how does it work?




CHOCOLATE : the Psychoactive Cocktail
Chocolate contains small quantities of anandamide, an endogenous cannabinoid found in the brain. Sceptics claim one would need to consume several pounds of chocolate to gain any very noticeable psychoactive effects; and eat a lot more to get fully stoned. Yet it's worth noting that N-oleolethanolamine and N-linoleoylethanolamine, two structural cousins of anandamide present in chocolate, both inhibit the metabolism of anandamide. It has been speculated that they promote and prolong the feeling of well-being induced by anandamide.

Chocolate contains caffeine. But the caffeine is present only in modest quantities. It is easily obtained from other sources. Indeed a whole ounce of milk chocolate contains no more caffeine than a typical cup of "decaffeinated" coffee.

Chocolate's theobromine content may contribute to - but seems unlikely to determine - its subtle but distinctive psychoactive profile. Surprisingly, perhaps, recent research suggests that pure theobromine may be superior to opiates as a cough medicine due to its action on the vagus nerve.

Chocolate also contains tryptophan. Tryptophan is an essential amino acid. It is the rate-limiting step in the production of the mood-modulating neurotransmitter serotonin. Enhanced serotonin function typically diminishes anxiety. Yet tryptophan can normally be obtained from other sources as well; and only an unusually low-protein, high-carbohydrate meal will significantly increase its rate of intake into the brain.

Like other palatable sweet foods, consumption of chocolate triggers the release of endorphins, the body's endogenous opiates. Enhanced endorphin-release reduces the chocolate-eater's sensitivity to pain. Endorphins probably contribute to the warm inner glow induced in susceptible chocoholics.

Acute monthly cravings for chocolate amongst pre-menstrual women may be partly explained by its rich magnesium content. Magnesium deficiency exacerbates PMT. Before menstruation, too, levels of the hormone progesterone are high. Progesterone promotes fat storage, preventing its use as fuel; elevated pre-menstrual levels of progesterone may cause a periodic craving for fatty foods. One study reported that 91% of chocolate-cravings associated with the menstrual cycle occurred between ovulation and the start of menstruation. Chocolate cravings are admitted by 15% of men and around 40% of women. Cravings are usually most intense in the late afternoon and early evening.


Cacao and chocolate bars contain a group of neuroactive alkaloids known as tetrahydro-beta-carbolines. Tetrahydro-beta-carbolines are also found in beer, wine and liquor; they have been linked to alcoholism. But the possible role of these chemicals in chocolate addiction remains unclear.

One UK study of the human electroencephalographic (EEG) response to chocolate suggests that the odour of chocolate significantly reduces theta activity in the brain. Reduced theta activity is associated with enhanced relaxation. This study needs replication.

Perhaps chocolate's key ingredient is its phenylethylamine (PEA) "love-chemical". Yet the role of the "chocolate amphetamine" is disputed. Most if not all chocolate-derived phenylethylamine is metabolised before it reaches the CNS. Some people may be sensitive to its effects in very small quantities.

Phenylethylamine is itself a naturally occurring trace amine in the brain. Phenylethylamine releases dopamine in the mesolimbic pleasure-centres; it peaks during orgasm. Taken in unnaturally high doses, phenylethylamine can produce stereotyped behaviour more prominently even than amphetamine. Phenylethylamine has distinct binding sites but no specific neurons. It helps mediate feelings of attraction, excitement, giddiness, apprehension and euphoria; but confusingly, phenylethylamine has also been described as an endogenous anxiogen. One of its metabolites is unusually high in subjects with paranoid schizophrenia.

There is even a phenylethylamine theory of depression. Monoamine oxidase type-b has been described as phenylethylaminase; and taking a selective MAO-b inhibitor, such as selegiline (l-deprenyl, Eldepryl) or rasagiline (Azilect) can accentuate chocolate's effects. Some subjects report that bupropion (Wellbutrin, Zyban) reduces their chocolate-cravings; but other chocoholics dispute this.

关于巧克力的英文介绍``

2,巧克力简介

巧克力的来历


历史记载最早引进可可树(即可可豆的来源)的是奥尔梅克民族(olmec)--居住在墨西哥东南部的有高度文化的古印弟安人。Olmec人是文献上记载,第一个主要开始有文明的美洲人。约在公元前1500年时,他们的文化由墨西哥沿岸发展出来。现在仅知可可树是由Olmec人所种植出来的,但在考古学上并没有证据显示他们有吃或喝可可的记录。

在Olmec文明后,马雅(Maya)文化(公元250年~900年)进入了中美洲。马雅人将可可豆打碎成浆状,并从中做成带着苦味和泡泡的巧克力饮品,并且有冷热两种吃法。

这种巧克力力饮品常常还会添加辣椒或胡椒变成特殊的口味。当时巧克力的价格在马雅并不便宜,所以通常只有有钱的家庭或王室才会享用这样东西。

公元1200年到1521年西班牙人入侵后,阿芝特克王国在墨西哥兴起。阿芝特克人在所建立的"新世界"中,对于可可的应用发展上扮演了一个重要的角色。

在阿芝特克王朝时可可豆的价值极高,甚至于被他们拿来当钱币使用。阿芝特克国王也会在宝窟中存放大量的可可豆。阿芝特克人也像马雅人一样,会在巧克中添加不同的调味料以增添风味。

巧克力是由来自于中南美洲的可可豆做成的。公元16世纪,西班牙有名的探险家Hernando Cortez首度将可可豆带到欧洲,并随即受到西班牙人的欢迎。到了十七世纪,当时年仅十四的西班牙公主与法王路易十四文定时,将西班牙的巧克力带入了法国巴黎的宫廷里。从此以后,法国,比利时和瑞士成为制造巧克力的领导王国。今天,巧克力已受到世界各地的欢迎。

3,F(x)组合各成员详细资料?

Victoria
   Victoria中文名:宋茜
  韩文名:�2�2�4�7�2�7
  英文名:Victoria Song(�1�2�5�7�0�5�2�3 �2�2)
  罗马音:Song Chien
  国籍:中国
  生日:1987.02.02
  星座:水瓶座
  身高:168CM
  队内职务:队长, 副主唱, 领舞
  出生地:山东青岛
  职业:歌手、模特、演员
  兴趣&特长:民族舞、爵士舞、韩语
  擅长的语言:中文、韩文、英文
  在SM公司较亲朋友:f(x)成员、韩庚、周觅、SHINee成员、少女时代成员
  学历:北京舞蹈学院附属中等舞蹈学校 中国舞专业毕业
  北京舞蹈学院 民族民间舞系 3年级(休学中)
  出道经历:2007年9月的北京市舞蹈大赛被所属公司看中
  【演出经历】
  2007年 北京市舞蹈大赛“画聆”一等奖,“花腰新娘”二等奖 并获得各种舞蹈比赛大奖
  【MV】
  2008年 Rain 三星奥运主题曲《Any Dream》MV 女主角
  2008年 安七炫《某一天心诉说着》MV 女主角
  2008年 SHINee《姐姐真漂亮(Replay)》MV 女主角
  2008年 Super Junior-M 《U》MV女主角
  【CF 广告】
  2008年 中国 三星 Anycall - AnyDream(With Rain郑智薰)
  2008年 中国 三星 LCD TV
  2008年 韩国 SPRIS服装品牌广告模特(With 李准基)
  2008年 韩国 SMART校服广告模特
  2009年 韩国旅游广告(SHINee、SuperJunior、东方神起)
   Amber
  中文名:刘逸云
   Amber英文名:Amber Liu
  国籍:美国洛杉矶籍华裔
  性别:女
  生日:1992.09.18
  星座:处女座
  血型:B型
  身高/体重:167CM/44KG
  队内职务:Rapper
  兴趣&特长:跳舞、Rap
  擅长的语言:英文、中文、韩文
  在SM公司较亲朋友:f(x)成员、李东海(SuperJunior成员)、Key、刘宪华(Henry)、少女时代成员、金钟炫(SHINee成员)
  喜欢的歌手:Michael Jackson
  喜欢的宠物:小兔子
  喜欢的音乐:R&B
  最大的愿望:变成魔术师
  家庭成员:父母、姐姐
  宗教:基督教
  出道经历:2007年参加美国橘子郡地区SM海选并最终入选。自2008年初在韩国接受了声乐、说唱、韩语、舞蹈等各种训练后首次以f(x)成员公开亮相。唱重低音。有优秀的说唱能力。被称为女版东海(SuperJunior成员),令人好奇帅气的外表,现场《LAchATA》Intro中Rap的表演让人震撼。
  琥珀的英文名称为Amber,来自拉丁文Ambrum,意思是“精髓”。也有说法认为是来自阿拉伯文Anbar,意思是“胶”,因为西班牙人将埋在地下的阿拉伯胶和琥珀称为amber。中国古代认为琥珀为“虎魄”。
   Luna
   Luna中文名:朴善怜
  韩文名:�0�2�1�3�2�2
  英文名:Luna
  罗马音:Park SunRine
  国籍:韩国
  生日:1993.8.12
  星座:狮子座
  身高/体重:160CM/40KG
  队内职务:主唱,组合美丽担当
  兴趣&特长:唱歌、跳舞、(中文学习中)
  在SM公司较亲朋友:f(x)成员,少女时代成员, SuperJunior成员
  宗教:基督教
  视力:1.5/2.0
  家庭成员:奶奶、父母、哥哥、双胞胎姐姐
  爱好/特长:看电影、看音乐剧、学习中文歌中国舞
  喜欢的艺人:迈克尔·杰克逊、贾斯汀、碧昂斯、Ciara、BoA
  喜欢的运动:瑜伽
  喜欢的话:努力
  喜欢的东西:紫色的
  喜欢的歌:惠特尼·休斯顿《When You Believe》
  喜欢的季节:秋天
  喜欢做的动作:心
  喜欢的场所:适合思考的
  喜欢看的网站:Naver、Youtube
  喜欢的电视:不知道
  喜欢的衣服:瘦长的牛仔裤
  我的18翻曲“-蜘蛛Gummy
  平常会对朋友做的事:撒娇
  个人经历:以f(x)成员的身份出道
  2009年 SHINee feat. luna
  2009年 LG Chocolate手机 CF
  2009年 K-SWISS体育类品牌冬季系列 CF
   Sulli
   Sulli中文名:崔雪莉
  韩文名:�4�5�3�5�0�5
  英文名:Sulli
  罗马音:Choi SulLi
  国籍:韩国
  生日:1994.03.29
  星座:白羊座
  身高/体重:162CM/41KG
  队内职务:副主唱、组合形象担当
  兴趣&特长:演戏、唱歌
  擅长的语言:韩文、英文
  在SM公司较亲朋友:f(x)成员,少女时代成员、金希澈(SuperJunior成员)、Key(SHINee成员)
  喜欢的音乐:轻松愉快的音乐
  【演出经历】
  2005年 SBS《薯童谣》(善花公主(李宝英)少年角色) 
  2005年 SBS《爱情需要奇迹》 (友情出演 孙真(震宇同学) 角色
  2005年 KBS《花儿》
  2006年 东方神起剧场《Vacation》(出演 韩珍珠(小有天喜欢的那个小女孩)角色
  2007年 电影《傻瓜》
  2007年 电影《出拳女郎》
  【广告 CF】
  2006年 - 2007年 Maru - i
  2007年 乐天 Pepero
   Krystal
   Krystal中文名:郑秀晶
  韩文名:�3�4�2�1�3�4
  英文名:Krystal
  罗马音:Jung Soo Jung
  国籍:韩国
  生日:1994.10.24
  星座:天蝎座
  身高/体重:162CM/40KG
  队内职务: 主唱
  兴趣&特长:演戏、跳舞
  家庭成员:父母、姐姐(少女时代郑秀妍-Jessica)
  在SM公司较亲朋友:f(x)成员、姐姐Jessica、少女时代成员、SHINee成员
  学历:肯特外国人学校(在学中)
  兴趣&特长:演戏、跳舞
  擅长的语言:英文、韩文、日文学习中
  喜欢的歌手:朴善珠、Corinne Bailey Rae
  最亲的朋友:金熙秀
  出道经历:7岁时参加SM选秀被选上,但因年龄太小所以在2006年才正式接受训练
  【MV】
  2008年 SHINee《Juliette》MV女主角
  【CF 广告】
  2002年 乐天七星 饮料 Chawulin
  2003年 SBS Station 广告
  2004年 Yuham-Kimberly 公益广告

4,chocolate组合的成员介绍

中国成员真名:张李萌Jang Lee Mang(장이맹)出生日期:1987年身高:168cm 美国成员出生日期:1994年身高: 169 cm 韩国成员真名:Jeon Bongi (전봉이)出生日期:1988年身高:170cm 韩国成员真名:Park Jiyeon (박지연)出生日期:1987年身高:163cm 真名:Lee Hyunah (이현아)出生日期:1988年身高:163cm

5,韩国新女团CHOCOLATE成员都叫什么啊?

中国成员:ACute(맹) 真名:Jang Lee Mang(장이맹) 出生日期:1991年 身高:168cm

美国成员:Charyl (쉐럴)
出生日期:1994年 身高: 169 cm

韩国成员:Bom (봄)
真名:Jeon Bongi (전봉이) 出生日期:1988年 身高:170cm

韩国成员:Sui (수이)
真名:Park Jiyeon (박지연) 出生日期:1987年 身高:163cm

韩国成员:LeeHena (이헤나)
真名:Lee Hyunah (이현아) 出生日期:1988年 身高:163cm

最新新人了,感觉没什么特色

6,韩国两个chocolate组合,之前那个有中国成员的组合的资料

你是说拍了chocolate love广告(LG手机广告)的组合吗,一个是少女时代,一个是F(X),函数团(也就是fx)里队长就是中国青岛人,叫宋茜。
这是她们的百科资料http://baike.baidu.com/view/2753220.html?wtp=tt
f(x)是S.M.Entertainment公司于2009年9月5日推出的亚洲Pop Dance女子组合(韩文名:에프엑스)。   f(x)组合成员包括队长宋茜Victoria、刘逸云Amber、郑秀晶Krystal、崔雪莉Sulli、朴善怜Luna。f(x)作为歌手出道是第一次,不过她们在此之前已经通过电影、MV、电视剧、广告等被韩国观众所熟悉。   2009年9月5日f(x)正式出道,以一首数码单曲《LA CHA TA》开始在歌坛活动,很快由这五个魅力十足的女孩组成的组合就赢得了关注,主打歌《LA CHA TA》也开始被越来越多的传唱。不仅在韩国,亚洲舆论也称赞f(x)是“有望将亚洲女子组合浪潮更新换代的新生势力”,于是乘着这股浪潮,出道一个多月后的f(x)正式推出了第一张单曲专辑《Chu~♡》,如同少女般甜蜜亲吻的歌曲,也诠释了属于f(x)特有的可爱。

7,shocolade/chocolat是什么意思?

Chocolat
[释义] [电影] 浓情巧克力;
[网络] 同名小说; 巧克力色;
[例句]The Galway International Oyster and Seafood Festival in Ireland and the Salon duChocolat in Paris are two more obvious choices for edible extravagance.
爱尔兰的戈尔韦国际牡蛎海鲜美食节和巴黎的巧克力沙龙是享用侈美食的两个好选择。
如有帮助请采纳,
如对本题有疑问可追问,Good luck!

8,韩国每年有多少组合出道? 他们那边为什么艺人那么多 ? 他们生存是怎么样的?

据说仅2012年就有近2000组组合出道。这些组合里只有极少数 由于公司出名,或包装给力,或外貌出众,或风格十分另类而被我们了解甚至追捧。有很多组合是一直默默无闻的,即使他们有不错的实力,可是却不被普罗大众注意。韩国艺人出道前几乎都要当练习生(练习后根据公司的决定进入组合或个人solo),尤其是组合,有的一练就是七、八年(如现已大红大紫的少女时代的jessica)。有很多人坚持不了中途放弃,即使有的坚持下来也当不成艺人。组合的生存是艰苦的。出了名还好,因为有粉丝的喜爱。如果不出名,那日子一定十分难熬。众所周知,韩国演艺圈里“等级”森严,晚一年出道的后辈见面时要给早一年出道的前辈鞠躬问好。但如果不出名,连招呼也不好意思跟前辈打。繁忙的组合一天几乎在保姆车上度过,吃外卖吃快餐吃粉丝们的便当;没名气的组合一天几乎在宿舍里度过,and,吃泡面···在韩国,艺人(or练习生)也像现在我们的白领、老师一样,是一种人们选择的工作,赚钱的手段。(但也不能说的太绝对哈)因此每年都有长得不错的傻小子傻小妞往演艺圈里跳。演艺圈是条不归路,运气好大红大紫,运气不好就慢慢熬吧。

9,最近有没有什么韩国新人组合

最新男团:

ZE:A
http://baike.baidu.com/view/3151281.htm?fr=ala0_1

BEAST
http://baike.baidu.com/view/937585.htm?fr=ala0_1_1

MBLAQ
http://baike.baidu.com/view/2833550.htm?fr=ala0_1_1

C.N.Blue
http://baike.baidu.com/view/2729636.htm?fr=ala0_1_1

最新女团:

f(x)
http://baike.baidu.com/view/2751750.htm?fr=ala0_1_1

2NE1
http://baike.baidu.com/view/2324248.htm?fr=ala0_1_1

4Minute
http://baike.baidu.com/view/2546385.htm?fr=ala0_1

Secret
http://baike.baidu.com/view/817942.htm(中间部分)

10,在韩国出道的中国明星都有谁,现在谁最受欢迎?

曾经身为exo一员的吴亦凡在回国之后可真的是名声正旺,他在冯小刚导演的《老炮》当中有着很好的表现,之后更是在《中国有嘻哈》当中因为一句“ 你有freestyle吗?”而成为大家关注的焦点。 韩庚是韩国天团Super Junior里唯一的一个中国艺人,也是娱乐圈当中第一个在韩国出道的男艺人。在韩国发展了四年之后,韩庚选择了与公司解约回到了内地发展。如今的韩庚早已是事业爱情双丰收,不仅前任系列获得了巨大的成功,而且还与卢靖姗谈起了恋爱。小编觉得一定有许多人都想不到韩庚其实是在韩国出道的吧,不得不说他回到国内发展以后确实是顺风顺水。 exo成员之一的黄子韬最近因在因解约的问题和自己的老东家sm娱乐公司打着官司,相对于吴亦凡和鹿晗的顺利解约,黄子韬却没有那么顺利,但黄子韬在选择回国发展的时候却没有得到很多人的看好,但黄子韬却用自己的努力证明了自己的实力,他那耿直的性格虽然有时会得罪很多人,但这也是粉丝喜欢他的地方。